knowledge-graphs-and-ontologies-module

causal inferencereasoning about cause-effect relationships enabling prediction of consequences given observed causes

consistencyA reasoning task verifying that an ontology has no contradictory axioms that would eliminate all possible mode

counterfactual reasoningreasoning about hypothetical alternative scenarios and their outcomes differing from actual observed events

tboxThe terminological box — the schema-level component of a knowledge base defining classes, properties, and thei

aboxThe assertional box — the instance-level component of a knowledge base containing ground assertions about indi

annotation propertyA property type for attaching metadata (labels, comments, deprecated flags) without affecting reasoning.

application ontologyA concrete ontology tailored for a specific software application, integrating and constraining reference and d

axiomA logical statement in an ontology taken as fundamental truth, constraining what inferences and interpretation

backward chainingAn inference strategy starting from a query goal and recursively applying rules backwards to find supporting f

blank nodeAn anonymous resource in RDF without a stable IRI, used for existential variables or intermediate blank graph

cardinality restrictionA class restriction specifying exact, minimum, or maximum number of values a property can take for class membe

classA concept in an ontology representing a set of entities that share common characteristics, forming the taxonom

class assertionstatement asserting that an individual entity belongs to a specific class in the ontology classification syste

classificationThe process of organizing entities into classes based on shared characteristics, a core activity in ontology e

coherenceThe quality property of an ontology where all defined classes can have at least one instance without violating

concept hierarchyorganization of concepts in an ontology forming IS-A taxonomic relationships with superclass and subclass rela

concept similaritymetric quantifying the degree of semantic relatedness between two concepts based on shared attributes and rela

confidence scoringassignment of probability or confidence values to knowledge graph triples indicating reliability of each fact

constraintA logical condition restricting valid states of a knowledge graph, violated instances indicating data quality

constraint satisfactionenforcement of logical rules and cardinality constraints ensuring knowledge graph consistency and validity